Revisions to Offer to Purchase and Contract
by Will Martin
NCAR General Counsel
Dear Forms Guy: I’ve just been told that the Offer to Purchase and Contract has been completely rewritten. Is it so? Sincerely, Lumpy
Dear Lumpy: It’s true that significant changes to the Offer to Purchase and Contract (form 2-T) were recently approved by the NC Association of REALTORS® and the NC Bar Association, but the form hasn’t been completely rewritten. A great deal of the content of the current form (copyright July 2008) has been carried forward into the new form. The organization of the current form has also been significantly changed to group-related provisions in a more logical way. For example, defined terms are grouped together in a new “Terms and Definitions” paragraph at the beginning of the new form, and buyer and seller representations and obligations are grouped together in paragraphs 5 through 8. Sincerely, Forms Guy
Lumpy: What are the big changes?
Forms Guy: The most significant change in the new form is the elimination of the current “Alternative 1.” Doing away with Alternative 1’s complicated repair negotiation structure will help reduce many of the disputes that have frequently been stumbling blocks to the negotiation of repairs, including disputes over whether an item is “covered” under the list of items in Alternative 1, whether an item is “performing the function for which intended” or is “in need of immediate repair,” whether repair requests and responses to repair requests are timely, whether an item is includable under the Cost of Repair Contingency, whether the estimated cost of repairs is reasonable, and whether and when a contract is “over” following a breakdown in repair negotiations.
Lumpy: If Alternative 1 is gone, what will replace it?
Forms Guy: Replacing Alternative 1 is a new “Buyer’s Due Diligence Process” paragraph (paragraph 4). During an agreed-upon “Due Diligence Period,” the buyer will have the opportunity to investigate the property and the transaction to decide whether the buyer will proceed with or terminate the contract. Prior to the expiration of the Due Diligence Period, the buyer may terminate the contract for any reason or no reason by written notice to the seller.
Lumpy: If the buyer decides to terminate, is time “of the essence” regarding the notice of termination?
Forms Guy: Yes.
Lumpy: This sounds a lot like Alternative 2 in the current Offer to Purchase and Contract.
Forms Guy: The new due diligence paragraph is similar to Alternative 2 but differs from it in some important respects. First, unlike Alternative 2, the description of the due diligence process in paragraph 4 in the new form includes a significant amount of guidance to the parties to aid them in understanding the things they should consider doing during the due diligence period.
Lumpy: What kinds of things?
Forms Guy: Examples listed of things that the buyer may consider doing during the due diligence period include conducting inspections to determine the condition of improvements on the property, reviewing relevant documents such as restrictive covenants, conducting an appraisal and a survey of the property, investigating current or proposed zoning, the availability and cost of property insurance, potential flood hazards, and pursuing qualification for and approval of any loan that the buyer may need to obtain to purchase the property.
Lumpy: Does the buyer have to do all those things?
Forms Guy: No, of course not, but any of those things that the buyer does choose to do should be done during the due diligence period.
Lumpy: Did you say that the buyer has to get loan approval during the due diligence period?
Forms Guy: No. I said that during the due diligence period, the buyer will be entitled to pursue qualification for and approval of their loan. Depending on the length of time the buyer and seller agree that the due diligence period will last, it’s quite possible that the buyer won’t know for sure when the due diligence period expires that the loan will be approved.
Lumpy: So what’s a buyer to do in that situation?
Forms Guy: Prior to the expiration of the due diligence period, the buyer needs to make a decision based on the information they have from their lender at that time whether to terminate or proceed with the transaction. If they terminate the contract, they get their earnest money deposit back. If they proceed with the transaction and the lender doesn’t approve the loan for some reason, the buyer would lose their earnest money deposit if they were unable to close without the loan.
Lumpy: Is it fair to make the buyer put their earnest money deposit at risk?
Forms Guy: Good question, Lumpy. You may recall that the loan condition in the contract was completely rewritten in 2008. Prior to that time, the loan condition extended right up to the date of closing and if the lender decided not to make the loan at the last minute, the buyer could terminate the contract and get their earnest money deposit back. Many felt this was unfair to the seller. It was felt that the loan condition should be changed to more fairly balance the risk between the buyer and seller of the sale not closing due to the buyer’s loan not being approved. This was accomplished by shifting that risk to the buyer at some mutually agreeable date during the transaction. The new due diligence contract uses this same basic approach. The date that the risk shifts to the buyer is the date that the due diligence period expires
Lumpy: What’s a fair period of time to give a buyer to make their decision
Forms Guy: The buyer typically would like for this date to fall as close to the closing as possible and the seller typically would like for this date to come sooner in the process. Just as the sales price is negotiable, the date that the buyer has to make a decision to terminate or move forward is a matter of negotiation. The “Note” at the end of paragraph 4(a) in the new Offer to Purchase provides: “Buyer is advised to consult with Buyer’s lender prior to signing this offer to assure that the Due Diligence Period allows sufficient time for the appraisal to be completed and for Buyer’s lender to provide Buyer sufficient information to decide whether to proceed with or terminate the transaction."
Lumpy: Can the buyer ask the seller to make repairs under the new contract?
Forms Guy: Yes. Paragraph 4 in the new form specifically states that the parties may, but are not required to, engage in repair negotiations. There is no limitation on what the buyer can ask the seller to repair, and there is no obligation on the seller’s part to repair anything. The buyer is advised to make any repair requests in sufficient time to allow any repair negotiations to be concluded by the end of the due diligence period.
Lumpy: What does the buyer do if they are negotiating repairs with the seller and the due diligence period is about to expire?
Forms Guy: There is a “Warning” to the buyer in paragraph 4 that unless the seller agrees in writing to an extension of the due diligence period, the buyer should terminate the contract if the buyer is not satisfied with the results or progress of the buyer’s due diligence. If the buyer chooses not to terminate prior to the end of the due diligence period, the buyer would lose any right to terminate the contract later based on any matter that should have been addressed during the due diligence period.
Lumpy: So would the buyer lose any right to terminate after the end of the due diligence period?
Forms Guy: No. The “Note” at the end of paragraph 4(g) makes it clear that the buyer would retain any right to terminate for any other reason permitted under the contract or North Carolina law. For example, if the seller was unable to deliver a deed conveying marketable and insurable title (see paragraph 8(a)), that would be considered a breach of contract by the seller. Paragraph 8(l) specifically provides that the buyer would be entitled to a refund of their earnest money deposit and any due diligence fee, and reimbursement for reasonable costs incurred by the buyer in connection with the buyer’s due diligence.
Lumpy: You just said something about a “due diligence fee.” What’s that?
Forms Guy: The “Due Diligence Fee” is defined in paragraph 1 of the new form as “[a] negotiated amount, if any, paid by Buyer to Seller with this Contract for Buyer’s right to conduct Due Diligence during the Due Diligence Period” (see paragraph 1(i)). The payment of a due diligence fee is not mandatory under the new version of the Offer to Purchase and Contract. That’s the second significant difference between the due diligence provision in the new form and Alternative 2.
Lumpy: Is the contract even enforceable if the buyer doesn’t pay anything but has the right to terminate for any reason or no reason during the due diligence period?
Forms Guy: A most perspicuous question, Lumpster! To address concerns about the enforceability of the contract in situations where no due diligence fee is paid, a mutual waiver of any defense to the enforceability of the contract based on the absence or alleged insufficiency of any due diligence fee has been added at the end of paragraph 1(i).
Lumpy: I guess if I ask you what a fair due diligence fee would be, you’ll tell me that the amount of the fee is completely negotiable between the parties, right?
Forms Guy: That’s right. The amount of the fee will be influenced by such things as the market for the property and the time it’s been on the market, the buyer and seller’s personal circumstances, and the length of the due diligence period. In determining how much due diligence fee they are willing to pay, a buyer should clearly understand that the fee is generally non-refundable (with some exceptions listed in the Due Diligence Fee definition) and that the seller is not required to make any repairs to the property or agree to any other concessions that the buyer may request. On the other hand, in deciding how much of a fee to accept, the seller should clearly understand that the buyer may walk away from the transaction for any reason or no reason, even if the seller is willing to fix everything that the buyer may request or agree to any other concessions, and that the due diligence fee is all they are going to get for taking their property off the market during the due diligence period.
Lumpy: Are there other changes that I should be aware of?
Forms Guy: Yes, Lumpy. Other significant changes include the following:
· The separate appraisal, loan, and flood hazard conditions have been eliminated since obtaining an appraisal and investigating the availability of any necessary financing and potential flood hazards, among other things, will become part of the buyer’s due diligence.
· The new form recognizes a distinction between “settlement” and “closing” “Settlement” is when all the documents are signed and delivered to the settlement agent along with the funds necessary to complete the transaction. “Closing” is a process that includes the settlement, as well as the title update following settlement, the settlement agent’s receipt of authorization to disburse all necessary funds and the recordation of the deed(s) and any deed(s) of trust (see definitions in paragraphs 1(k) and 1(m)).
· The seller’s damages in the event of a breach of the contract by the buyer are limited to the earnest money deposit (see paragraph 1(e)). A seller’s damages can be difficult to determine, and unless the contract sales price is greater that the appraised value of the property at the time of the contract, the seller may not have any significant damages if the buyer breaches the contract. Limiting the seller’s damages to the earnest money deposit will give the parties greater certainty during the negotiation process about possible outcomes if the transaction doesn’t work out.
· An attorney fee provision has been added in paragraph 1(g) in an effort to help discourage frivolous disputes over earnest money.
· The separate “Fuel” provision and the necessity of measuring the amount of fuel in any tank(s) prior to closing has been eliminated. In the new form, the buyer will be entitled to whatever fuel may be the tank(s) at Settlement (see paragraph 2).
· New representations by the buyer have been added regarding other property that the buyer may need to sell and the buyer’s financial ability to complete the transaction (see paragraphs 5(b) and 5(c)).
· New representations by the seller have been added regarding length of the seller’s ownership of the property, whether the property is the seller’s primary residence and whether there is an owners’ association (see paragraphs 7(a), 7(b) and 7(e)). The length-of–ownership representation has been added in response to loan underwriting guidelines which now commonly require that a seller has owned the property for a minimum period of time. The representation regarding primary residence was added as a result of a new North Carolina law that requires a statement whether the property includes the seller’s primary residence to be included in a deed conveying the property
· The new form requires the attachment of an “Owners’ Association Addendum” if there is an owners’ association (see paragraphs 7(e) and 8(k)). Work is still continuing on revisions to the existing Owners’ Association Addendum.
· The existing “Delay in Closing” provision has been simplified as a result of confusion about how it worked and a few reported problems associated with the payment of accrued per diem interest. In the new form, the per diem interest provision has been eliminated and the permitted delay shortened to fourteen days (see paragraph 13).
· In the “Fixtures” paragraph, “range/stove/oven” has been added to the list of fixtures to address the common understanding between the parties that such a device generally remains with the property. This addition will eliminate the need to add such a device in the Personal Property paragraph of the contract. In addition, the word “attached” has been added in front of “wall and/or door mirrors” primarily to distinguish bathroom mirrors that are hung like pictures from those that are attached to the wall in a more permanent way.
Lumpy: Wow, Forms Guy. That’s a whole bunch of changes! I’m really worried about understanding them all and being able to explain the new contract to my clients.
Forms Guy: I understand your concerns, Lumpy. I know it may not seem like it to you right now, but there is absolutely no doubt that this new contract is simpler than the current one. It has significantly fewer “moving parts.” There are only two dates in the whole contract — the date the due diligence period will end and the settlement date. And, as you and I have discussed, many of the different conditions and contingencies in the current form have been eliminated. With practice, I am confident that agents will find it simpler to use and simpler to explain. Of course, the form will not work magic. You’ll still need parties who are motivated to buy and sell in order to have successful transactions, and disputes over the return or forfeiture of earnest money aren’t going to go away.
Lumpy: How do I get trained on the new form and when will I have to start using it?
Forms Guy: The new form won’t go into effect until Jan. 1, 2011. In the meantime, you will have ample opportunities to become familiar with it. A significant portion of the Real Estate Commission’s 2010-2011 Update Course will be devoted to the new contract, and many other training opportunities will be offered through NC REALTORS® beginning soon.
Lumpy: Won’t other forms have to change too?
Forms Guy: Yes. Work is still continuing on necessary changes to the various addenda to the Offer to Purchase and Contract, the Offer to Purchase and Contract-Vacant Lot/Land, the Guidelines for using the contract forms, and other related forms. Also, a new, separate Offer to Purchase and Contract for new construction is being developed. It is expected that those changes will be approved this coming fall.
A sample of the revised Offer to Purchase and Contract form can be found on the North Carolina Association of REALTORS® website. To access the sample form, please login at www.ncrealtors.org. Then click on the “Forms & Contracts” tab in the upper left-hand corner. At the bottom of the “Forms and Contracts” page under “Downloads,” click on the linked named: “Sample of 2011 Offer to Purchase.”
Two educational programs relating to the revised Offer to Purchase and Contract will be offered at the 2010 NC REALTORS® Convention & Expo in Myrtle Beach. NC REALTORS® also will distribute a training video in DVD format to all local boards for use/distribution as each board may determine appropriate. In addition, the revised Offer to Purchase and Contract will comprise a significant part of the N.C. Real Estate Commission’s 2010-2011 update course.
Reprinted with permission
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